Water is a chemical compound and polar molecule, which is
liquid at standard temperature and pressure. It has the chemical formula H2O,
meaning that one molecule of water is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one
oxygen atom. Water is found almost everywhere on earth and is required by all
known life.
Water is known as a good solvent. It can be used as a
universal solvent because its polar characteristic. The water molecule forms an
angle, with hydrogen atoms at the tips and oxygen at the vertex. Since oxygen
has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen, the side of the molecule with the
oxygen atom has a partial negative charge. A molecule with such a charge
difference is called a dipole. The charge differences cause water molecules to
be attracted to each other (the relatively positive areas being attracted to
the relatively negative areas) and to other polar molecules. This attraction is
known as hydrogen bonding.
When an ionic or polar compound enters water, it is
surrounded by water molecules. The relatively small size of water molecules
typically allows many water molecules to surround one molecule of solute.
The partially negative dipoles of the water are attracted to positively charged
components of the solute, and vice versa for the positive dipoles.
In general, ionic and polar substances such as acids,
alcohols, and salts are easily soluble in water, and non-polar substances such
as fats and oils are not. Nonpolar molecules stay together in water because it
is energetically more favorable for the water molecules to hydrogen bond to
each other than to engage in van der Waals interactions with non-polar
molecules.
An example of an ionic solute is table salt; the sodium
chloride, NaCl, separates into Na+ cations and Cl-
anions, each being surrounded by water molecules. The ions are then easily
transported away from their crystalline lattice into solution. An example of a
non-ionic solute is table sugar. The water dipoles hydrogen bond to the dipolar
regions of the sugar molecule and allow it to be carried away into solution.
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